Working in palliative care you would think that we all live our lives without regrets. We all live each day to the fullest and try to make the most of all our relationships. Living as if it’s your last day. But, no, we don’t. It’s not happening to us, even though we know it could happen to any of us at any time.
Is it because we become desensitized to all the suffering that we witness? In people who are burnt out or suffering from compassion fatigue they may be less able to empathize with the people they are caring for. You can’t allow yourself to become enmeshed in each case you deal with. Too strong a connection, too strong an identification and each death will be felt tragically. You can only handle so many tragic events, and certainly not on a daily basis.
The opposite can occur, in which clinicians become too detached from their patients. They are unable to connect with a fellow human being who suffers. Patients feel like they are being looked after by a robot. Would more consistent care be delivered by robotic helpers? What is it that is so special about human clinicians? Could a robot ever be a replacement?
I am a child of immigrants and I grew up in a small city in New Zealand. I looked different to everyone else, at home I spoke a different language and ate different food compared to my classmates. Because of these differences, I always felt I was not as Kiwi as they were. We learned exactly the same things at school but our home lives were dissimilar.
When I was seven years old I had heard from my classmates about the tooth fairy. They told me that if your tooth comes out put it in an envelope and place it under your bed. The tooth fairy will take your tooth away and exchange it for money. I thought it would be a good swap as I didn’t need the tooth any more. I popped the tooth into the envelope, and addressed it, “To the Tooth Fairy.” I placed the little package under my bed, stirring up lots of dust which made me sneeze. For the next week, I checked on the little package every day after school. I opened it up expecting to find some cash, but all I could see each time was the same old tooth. After seven times and many sneezy afternoons with itchy eyes, I gave up on the tooth fairy. She was added to my list of fakes along with Father Christmas and the Easter Bunny.
Each afternoon when I arrived home I would have to take my shoes off and put on indoor slippers. I was expected to speak to my parents and brother in Mandarin Chinese. We would always have rice for dinner and it would be Chinese food. My parents had lived in New Zealand for a while by this time but they still did not like the local food. Back in those days if they wanted to eat things like steamed buns they would have to make them from scratch. They learned how to make their own egg noodles and wonton wrappers. Once a year we would all go on a road trip to one of the bigger cities to buy Chinese groceries that were not available in my home town. Pantry staples such as soya sauce, peanut oil, short-grained rice and canned foods. My parents seemed to have different ideas and values compared to my classmates’ parents. They often talked about how different it was for them when they were children. Despite my best efforts I could never be as Chinese as my parents were. I often found myself having to be a bridge between the two worlds.
I ended up growing up in between the local Kiwi culture and my parents’ more traditional Chinese culture. I was constantly reminded about how incompletely I fit into neither culture. At times I felt different and misunderstood by everyone. In between two worlds and searching for a world of my own. Maybe this influenced my career choice. Palliative care operates in the space between the usual healthcare world of saving lives and death. I find myself being the bridge between two healthcare cultures, not fully feeling like I belong in either camp. What’s new?
The family were trying to protect our patient. They knew that his time would be short, that he would die soon. They didn’t want him to know this as the last time he had been given such bad news he had reacted poorly. They said he had been in tears for two days after the hospital doctors had told him bluntly that he could die at any time. They didn’t want a repeat of what had happened. If he only had a short time left they wanted him to enjoy it as much as possible. This was what his life partner wanted, the person who knew him better than anyone else. The love of his life.
Did he know what was going on? Probably. He had said he thought things were bad. We had not denied this. He was the one feeling every single discomfort. He was the one who was exhausted from lying in bed doing nothing. He was the one whose body continued deteriorating on an almost daily basis. He was the one who had asked to be admitted. He was worried about how his family were coping with looking after him at home. He had been told weeks prior to this admission that he possibly only had days left to live. When we asked him if there was anything he still needed to do, any unfinished business, the reply was,” No. I’ve done everything I can. I’ve done well. I have no regrets. I have a good family. We raised our children well.”
Our duty of care is to our patients. “First do no harm“ is the first principle we follow. Would telling him what he probably already knew be of benefit or would it cause harm? It was unclear as we didn’t know him well enough. For some people knowing they might only have a few days left could provide relief. They might be thankful that their suffering would not go on for much longer. For others, the short time left would provoke anxiety and distress. They would be upset by the thought of having to leave their family for the final time. If he were to directly ask us, we could not lie to him. But if he never asked we would not raise the question ourselves. His partner had made the decision. The survivors of his death had to be given the opportunity to do what was right for their family. No matter what would happen, we promised that we would try our best to keep him comfortable in what time remained.
I work in one of the most ethnically diverse areas in the southern hemisphere, South Auckland. There are people from many different places who now call this area home. English may well be a second, third or even fourth language to many of my patients and their families. Many different native languages are spoken and on any given day our inpatient unit may be full of people representing many different groups.
I make an effort to learn how to say simple common greetings in the native language of my patients. Over many years I have gathered a list of these greetings. If I don’t know the standard greeting I will resort to an internet search for the appropriate greeting before I meet the patient. A simple “hello” in their native language is usually appreciated and is the first step in building rapport. If I know more words in their language I’ll make use of as many as I can during the rest of the consultation. When trying to make a connection you usually only have one shot, make it a good one.
What do I need to know about you to be able to look after you better?
Nothing much. I just want to be able to go out for a smoke. I asked them about it in the hospital but no one wanted to help. They didn’t want to listen to me. I didn’t even miss the smoking so much. I just wanted to go outside.
It’s important for me to listen to you, isn’t it?
Yeah, it means a lot to me that you guys will listen to me.
I feel more comfortable today. I don’t remember everything about yesterday but I was feeling bad. The pain was bad.
I’d like to work on your pain some more and try to get you comfortable.
Some lives are difficult, relationships do not always go smoothly. Every person has problems, every couple has problems. Some couples have more problems than others. People are not always at their best and might have limited support available. Many people cope by self-medicating with drugs and alcohol. The use of substances worsened their relationship over the years. Her family had never approved of him, and let him know it.
Everything changed when she became unwell. When she really needed his support and love he showed up. He stopped using substances, and the large poultry was cooled rapidly. He was there for her at the clinic appointments. He was there during the hospital admissions. He was there for her for her hospice admission. They were surprised, given the circumstances, that they were so happy. They had privacy, they could spend time together, just the two of them.
She told us that their time spent in hospice had been the best weeks of their entire marriage.
We humans are social animals. Without companionship we do not do so well. Loneliness is a major health risk factor for the development of many illnesses. The less socially connected we are the worse we may feel emotionally but also physically. Acts of human connection enliven both the donor and the recipient. It feels good to help someone else out. A win-win situation, you both get something out of it. It feels good to belong to something. To belong to a group or a tribe.
How does it feel when people with life-limiting illnesses are discharged from clinic for the last time. They might’ve been seeing their care team for years in some cases, all of a sudden they have lost the support. They might feel bereft. The closure of a relationship. They had always been there for me and now they are not. A void is created, can it ever be filled by anyone else? A feeling of rejection, of abandonment may be experienced. A shove off the edge of a cliff, into free-fall. A tie severed. We will never meet again, we just had our final goodbye. I thought it would last forever. People change over time, no matter how much they try to stay the same.
Goodbye, I have nothing else I can offer you, but you can come and see me again in six weeks. I wish you all the best. Please take care.
You said you’d always be there for me, through the worst while hoping for the best. You left me hanging. I didn’t know what was happening, the world seemed to spin around me like a not so merry-go-round. You told me to leave but I have no other place to go. I still need help. What did I do to deserve this? Was it something I said? Was it something I chose? Can we just talk? Please?
Recently I was at a research meeting in my role as a clinical advisor. In the gathering were a number of kaumatua (Māori elders.) We were all asked to share our pepeha, our introduction. Each member of the group was given time to talk about themselves. Where they were from. Who their family of origin was. How did they get to Aotearoa New Zealand. Which mountain and river they are connected to. The kaumatua in the room listened intently to each person’s story and they were actively trying to find connections with their personal stories. It was almost like speed-dating, trying to build rapport, to build connections between previous strangers. The Māori call it whanaungatanga – getting to know each other. Something that is really important for people who are planning to work together.
Again this makes me think about how we do things in the clinical realm. When we first meet our patients and their whānau/family each party are strangers to the other. In Western medicine the getting to know each other is usually one-sided. We want to know as much about the patient as possible without giving away much about ourselves. What would it be like if we introduced ourselves through a pepeha? Would it lead to more opportunities for human to human connection? Could the establishment of rapport possibly lead to the establishment of trust? You know what? I’m going to give it a go. I’ll let you know what I find out in a future post.
The patient arrived and looked as unwell as she had sounded on paper. Advanced end-stage illness, worse for wear after many weeks in hospital. Poor sleep night after night. Recurrent bad news relayed, unclear if understanding had been checked on or not. The standard restaurant question, “how’s your meal going?” is not asked in most clinical settings. I was told they appeared wary and slightly suspicious of what we had to offer. They had just met our team, they did not know us, we did not know them. They were assessing us as much as we were assessing them. We were not there to be opponents or combatants. We needed to connect in order to work together on the same team. If it wasn’t for the patient, none of us would be in the same room as each other. We were strangers who needed to try to collaborate with each other.
First impressions count. I relaxed my control of my Kiwi accent and let my inner hometown boy speak. I slipped in as many indigenous words as I knew to make it clear that their culture and traditions were welcome here in our hospice. I mentioned that a Chinese dude would be leading the singing practice the following morning, songs written in their language. “Please join me, I need all the help I can get. I’m tone deaf, I don’t understand what musical keys are, but I am loud. I once had singing lessons, but my wife asked me to ask the teacher for a refund.” The sound of our shared laughter was the background music to our rapport building project.
“We’re going to take things one day a time. We’ll get to know you. You’ll get to know us. We’ll all work together to get our patient/family member more comfortable.”
Trust has to be earned, one interaction at a time. We may only get one chance to connect. Give it your best shot.
We thought she still had weeks left to live. We didn’t know it would only be hours. She died suddenly and the family asked the nurses to perform CPR – cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The nurses calmly and gently refused. They knew it wouldn’t work, she had been too unwell. It would only cause her further harm with no possibility of benefit. Her distraught family’s tears flowed freely.
When we were informed of the sudden death we were surprised but not shocked. We knew she was dying but had not thought it would be so fast. There was nothing more we could do for our patient. She had died. The care package needed to be directed towards the survivors, her family members. We came in to talk to them, to try to explain what we thought had happened. We wanted to try to calm their distress, to try to prevent complicated grief.
We expressed how sorry we were for their loss. We told them we didn’t know exactly what had happened. We thought it was due to overwhelming disease. Nature could not be controlled by us mere humans. It was too much for even the strongest of women to handle, even with the greatest level of loving family support. She had tried her best to hold on to life, but it was not to be. The family accepted our explanations and uncertainty. They did not want her to have any further investigations. There had been too many over the last months.
They said she had loved it in our inpatient unit. She had felt well looked after. She knew we were all trying our best to help her out, and the family too. They laughed when they recounted a story about their loved one’s ultra direct communication style. They hugged us as they thanked us for the care provided. We wished we could’ve done more.
They asked if they could all stay with her overnight. They needed to look after her as per their cultural traditions. They needed to look after each other as a family. It had likely been a long time since the siblings had all stayed the night together with their mother. It was their last chance to all be together as a complete family, as tomorrow she would rest in her final bed. We made a compassionate exception as the family needed to do their duty. They also needed to start their healing process. Bedding and more space were prepared by our staff, as if by magic.
It can never be perfect in palliative care, if it was perfect she wouldn’t have been sick, she wouldn’t have died. Had we done enough? We were trying to do our best to make her comfortable before she died, and we were never going to stop trying. We had listened to her and her family regarding what she wanted and didn’t want. She had died suddenly but peacefully. The family were sad, but they were not destroyed. Life would go on. We had done what we could. We had done good enough.
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